Structure Of The Two Ketone Groups - 784 Words

Prednisolone 1. Structure The two ketone groups will be sp2 hybridised and so are the carbon-to-carbon (C-to-C) double bonds. The carbon atoms that are part of alkanes and the alcohol groups will be sp3 hybridised. There isn’t any resonance in the molecule. 2. Functional Groups There are 3 different functional groups, excluding the alkane and cycloalkanes. There are two aliphatic ketones and three aliphatic alcohols along with a cyclohexadiene, where one of the ketones is found. The alcohols are secondary, tertiary and primary as you go from left to right of the molecule. 3. Conformation of prednisolone 4. Stereochemistry in prednisolone Prednisolone has 7 chiral centres, which would give rise to 128 possible stereoisomers. There are also two C-to-C double bonds, however because they are part of a ring, they wouldn’t give rise to any geometrical isomers. 5. Acidic or basic functional groups in the drug Prednisolone is a neutral molecule. Alcohol groups are mildly acidic and could theoretically act as an acid at a high pH, but that would happen very rarely, certainly not at physiological pH. There are no basic groups in Prednisolone. 6. Ionisation state of the drug in the stomach (pH of 2) and blood (pH of 7.4) Prednisolone would remain in this neutral state both at pH 2 and at pH 7.4. This is because its strongest acid pKa is 12.59 (the tertiary alcohol; the primary and the secondary alcohols have pKa values of 13.87 and 14.93 respectively). Hence, the hydroxylShow MoreRelatedOxygen Bearing Compounds1663 Words   |  7 Pagesthe samples from being a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, a tertiary alcohol, aldehyde, or a ketone. Introduction In analyzing the oxygen bearing organic compounds, there are several tests that may be performed to distinguish among the different classes of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. All these tests exploit differences in the type and degree of reactivity of each of the functional groups. Several different oxidizing agents may be used to cause theoxidation of molecules. Potassium permanganateRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Haloalkanes1179 Words   |  5 Pagesas they only have temporary and permanent dipole-dipole interactions. Haloalkanes have low polarity compared to water, therefore the haloalkanes are almost insoluble in water. Haloalkanes can react via substitution. The halogen is replaced by a group that is negatively charged or carried a lone pair of electrons (a nucleophile). CH3CH2Cl + OH- CH3CH2OH + Cl- CH3CH2Cl + 2NH3 CH3CH2NH2 + NH4Cl This requires concentrated ammonia and high pressure. Haloalkanes can undergo elimination to removeRead MoreTest Tests And Its Effect On A Patient Of A Wide Range Of Disorders, Diseases, And Conditions827 Words   |  4 PagesUrinalysis is a test done on urine in order to diagnose a patient of a wide range of disorders, diseases, and conditions. There are several urinalysis test such as pH, ketones, specific gravity and glucose to name a few. There are three different exams that can be done to identify abnormalities; one of the exam is chemical exam. In a chemical examination a laboratorian uses a dipstick test that changes color in reaction to certain concentrations of a substance that could be in urine. Read MoreCooperative Cation Binding Catalysis For Direct Generation Of Two Contiguous Tertiary And Quaternary Stereogenic Centers1309 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract In this study, the concept of cooperative cation binding catalysis was elegantly applied for direct generation of two contiguous tertiary and quaternary stereogenic centers. 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In this experiment, identifications of the unknown ketone was accomplished using thin layer chromatography, meltingRead MoreTable 1 Organizes All Observational And Statistical Data1705 Words   |  7 Pages2900, a C=O at 1700, and an aromatic C-H stretch at 3000-3150. Some of the peaks are in fact present, but weak in comparison. Figure 6 gives benzilic product peaks, showing the same C=O peak at 1700 but this time as a twin peak due to the newfound structure. The aromatic C-H peak is still present. Figure 7 demonstrates the benzilic acid analysis, containing a weak C=O stretch from 1600-1700, O-H stretch that dips at 3400-3200, and an O-H acid stretch at 3100. In each, impurities seemingly exist by theRead MoreThe Synthesis Of 13 Butadienes732 Words   |  3 PagesCHAPTER TWO RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.1 Synthesis of 1,3-butadienes Dienes can be synthesised from aldehydes and ketones using the Wittig reaction. The Wittig reaction facilitates the synthesis of new carbon-carbon double bonds at specific locations in aldehydes and ketones (Bernard Ford, 1983). The overall reaction mechanism is shown in Figure 1. Protocols for synthesising 1,3-butadienes from aldehydes and ketones have been established in the literature. The synthesis protocol proposed byRead MoreLab 9 : Reduction Of Carbonyl Compounds1314 Words   |  6 Pagescarbonyl group to it’s corresponding substituted alcohol and can be achieved by catalytic or chemical reduction. Catalytic reduction is the addition of hydrogen gas (H2) across a pi bond of the carbonyl using a metal catalyst. Chemical reduction involves the use a reducing agent to donate the proton that will reduce the pi bond. Reducing agents can determine the specificity of the reaction due to the varying reactivity of the different reducing agents towards different functional groups. Two of theRead MoreGrignard Is The Child Of A Sail Producer Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesis the response with aldehydes and ketones to frame liquor. A related blend utilizes ethylene oxide to plan alcohols containing two more carbon molecules than that of the alkyl halide. (2 ) Grignard is most noted for creating another procedure for delivering carbon-carbon bonds utilizing magnesium to couple ketones and alkyl halides. This reaction is significant in organic synthesis. -It occurs in two steps: (1) †¢ Formation of the GrignardRead MoreAldol Condensation : An Experiment1163 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract: This experiment used Aldol Condensation, more specifically, double Claisen-Schmidt condensation in order to synthesize dibenzalacetone from benzaldehyde and acetone. In part one of the experiment, an aldol reaction occurred. In part two of the experiment, the product was recrystallized. The results concluded that the percent yield of dibenzalacetone was 82.80%. The melting point range of the product was 106.5  °C -109.3  °C due to the difficulty of boiling out the ethanol and therefore

The Design and Implementation of an E-Commerce Site for...

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 1 3. PROJECT DESIGN...................................................................................................... 3 3.1 DATA M ODEL ............................................................................................................ 4 3.1.1 Database Design................................................................................................ 6 3.2. PROCESS M ODEL ................................................................................................... 10†¦show more content†¦4 FIGURE 2 FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION DIAGRAM........................................................... 11 FIGURE 3 CUSTOMER - BROWSE CONTEXT DFD................................................................ 13 FIGURE 4 CUSTOMER - BROWSE DETAILED DFD............................................................... 13 FIGURE 5 CUSTOMER – SHOPPING CART CONTEXT DFD ................................................... 14 FIGURE 6 CUSTOMER - SHOPPING CART DETAILED DFD................................................... 14 FIGURE 7 CUSTOMER - SHOPPING CART DETAILED DFD................................................... 15 FIGURE 8 CUSTOMER - SHOPPING CART DETAILED DFD................................................... 15 FIGURE 9 CUSTOMER – AUTHENTICATION – USERPROFILE DFD....................................... 16 FIGURE 10 AUTHENTICATED USER-PURCHASE CONTEXT DFD ......................................... 16 FIGURE 11 CUSTOMER - AUTHENTICATION - PURCHASE DFD ........................................... 17 FIGURE 12 CUSTOMER - NEW USERREGISTRATION DFD ................................................... 18 FIGURE 13 ADMINSTRATOR CONTEXT DFD ................................................. ..................... 18 FIGURE 14 ADMINISTRATOR DETAILED DFD .................................................................... 18 FIGURE 15 M ENU ............................................................................................................... 19 FIGUREShow MoreRelatedE Commerce : Commercial Transactions Conducted Electronically On The Internet1161 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION: E-commerce is known as commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet. 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Understand the impact of e-Commerce on business 1.1 Critically discuss the expectations of internet customers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 1.2 Critically assess the potential impact of common applications on an e-Commerce business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........†¦8 2. Be able to plan an e-Commerce strategy 2.1 Plan an e-Commerce implementation strategy for an e-Commerce business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 3. Be able to manage an e-Commerce strategy 3.1 Critically assess the risks of linkingRead MoreCIS1101 past exam paper1947 Words   |  8 PagesCIS1101 – BUSINESS ONLINE Page 1 of 14 Examination Period - Semester 2, 2014 PART A Multiple Choice Questions You are required to answer forty (40) questions. This section is worth a total of forty (40) marks. Please record your answers on the CMA Sheet provided. QUESTION 1 The ____________________ is the major reason that the Internet has such potential for destroying traditional conceptions and implementations of intellectual property law. a) ability to make perfect copies of digital works atRead MoreMarketing Pl Amazon s Marketing Strategy1328 Words   |  6 Pagesoutline Amazon’s marketing strategy, financial projections, an implementation plan, and an evaluation of metrics and control. 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New Forest Coastline Free Essays

The New Forest coastline is situated between the Dorset border and the Southampton Water on the south-west coast of Britain. It is split into three main areas and is managed mainly by the New Forest District Council but also other councils. The three areas are, Christchurch Bay, Western Solent, and Southampton Water. We will write a custom essay sample on New Forest Coastline or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a big issue that affects this coastline. The cliffs on the coast are slowly being eroded, and the low-lying areas need to be protected from coastal flooding. Natural landscapes and wildlife habitats need to be protected for people who want to work and visit the areas. This problem attracts a lot of interest from all the councils who try and decide what system and form of protection should be used. Physical Features Human Land-use The coastline is lined with many landforms and the land surrounding the area is used by humans for various activities. Christchurch Bay between Highcliffe and Hurst Spit has very narrow shingle beaches on its coastline and is backed by cliffs that are up to 30m in height. These cliffs are mainly made of sand and clay and are subject to erosion and in some places the cliffs have retreated up to 60m over 25 years. Even built up areas are exposed to coastal flooding and occasionally experience mudflows and landslips. Hurst Spit itself is vulnerable to the erosion of the sea after having been breached over several years. The area is used mainly for settlement and many villages have been built up along the coast all of which are in danger of flooding and/or collapsing. The Western Solent between Hurst Spit and Calshot is slightly different to Christchurch Bay. This area is full of coastal marshes with a lot of wildlife and animal habitats. This area is low-lying and therefore there is a major risk of flooding, especially when there are high tides and heavy rain. There are also two river estuaries from the Lymington River and the Beaulieu River. This area is used for boat-building and repair but also for recreational sailing. Southampton Water is situated between the towns of Calshot and Redbridge. There are coast marshes and intertidal areas with a great nature and wildlife value. The area is at risk from water pollution caused by domestic sewage and industrial waste. This former river estuary has been now developed and is used for major industry including oil refining and there is also a power station. The rest of the area is used for housing. Why we Need a Coastal Management System There is a big need for a coastal management system. Human activity has influenced the area because the scenery and recreational activities and potential attract many visitors and holiday-makers. Many other people emigrate there because it provides an attractive environment to live, work and retire. The coastline brings in more money for the locals in the form of â€Å"foreigners† and therefore without the coastline many people would have no source of income. However, human activity provides a certain amount of pressure which threatens to change the coastline and its natural ecological balance. Apart from human factors physical factors hat take place also influence the coastline’s shape. Waves, Currents, groundwater, movements and weathering have a considerable impact on the shape of the coastline and human activity – this must be to be taken into account when deciding management proposals for the coast. Action taken by the Local Authority The local authority has done a lot of work involving the coastline and now must set up a management scheme to stop many risks. Over various years many protection methods have been used. Concrete sea-walls were built to protect the cliffs; however it has been proven that actually absorb the wave energy instead of reflecting it. They are also an eye-sore. Groynes have also been introduced in the system and they stop the movement of material along beaches as well as widening them. Low-lying areas have been protected by dykes and flood walls, however some people have suggested that coastal flooding should take place as a natural event even if property is at risk. There have also been attempts to protect wildlife areas and bird sanctuaries. Their Objectives The New Forest District Council have many objectives and some are more important than others, including: 1. The coast need to be protected because many properties are lined on the cliff edges and there is a big risk of them collapsing. 2. Areas of value need to be protected as they attract tourists and bring in more money for the locals and the council so they can easily afford to protect the rest of the coastline. 3. The landscape is important as it also brings in more tourists with its natural beauty of which should be protected. 4. Pollution needs to be prevented so any sort of protection doesn’t become eroded by acid rain and also to improve the quality of life and the water that goes into the towns. 5. The coasts’ economy needs to be recognised so it can be maintained and the social functions of the coast can take place. 6. Cooperation is important between everyone from the local councils to the industry owners. 7. Public awareness needs to be improved to let people know where they stand and what danger they are in. 8. Historical aspects needs to protected because they are an important part of history, this is not very important. 9. Developing criteria for the development of the coast is important for future vents and emergencies. 10. The least important is recreational activities as these can be done in many other places. Alternative Suggestions There are any other ways in which the coastline can be protected. On the coast many things can be used for protection. A recurved sea wall can reflect the waves and push them back out to the sea. Rip-rap are large boulders used on the coast to absorb the wave energy and disperses it. Gabions are used to absorb some of the wave energy and stop erosion as do wooden revetments. To decide what to use we would use cost-benefit analysis which would allow us to make best use of our money. How to cite New Forest Coastline, Papers